Lab Report Electrical Conductivity Essay Example

Lab Report Electrical Conductivity Paper When an ionic compound forms, the anion transfers an electron to the action which creates an electrostatic bond and an electrically neutral compound. Also, they readily solve in aqueous solutions and are good conductors of heat and electricity. Further, ionic compounds can be classified as either strong conductors or weak conductors. In contrast, molecular compounds are formed from non-metals. Molecular compounds share electrons between atoms forming a covalent bond. In general, molecular compounds do not dissolve readily in solution and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. They are classified as Nan-electrolyte compounds. The reason of why electrolytes or ionic compounds are supposed to conduct electricity is because of the charge of the molecule, ionic compounds can have either a really positive or a really negative charge. This charge in the molecule makes it easier to electrons to move from molecule to molecule; therefore an electric current is generated. On the other hand, covalent compounds, either polar or non-polar, are not capable of conducting electricity. This is because they have more balanced charges and it is harder for electrons to move from one particle to another one. Also one has to take into account that when dealing with mixtures, if it contains one ionic compound and a covalent compound, its conductivity will be affected by the covalent compound and it probably wont ransoms an electric current. In this experiment, six different substances will be used in order to determine their electrical conductivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Electrical Conductivity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Electrical Conductivity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Electrical Conductivity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Objectives To know, determine and prove which substances are capable to conduct electricity and which substances cant conduct electricity and if any of these six following substances can conduct electricity by submerging two copper wires connected to a battery that powers up a light bulb when electric current is present and the copper wire conduct it. Also being able to explain at the end the cause of why some substances were not capable to transmit an electric current while other substances could. Material IV battery 3 copper wires 1 small light bulb pup Physiological serum (Electrolytes) Storage Sucrose 1% Nasal KICK 5% 2 screws Method 1 . Connect the copper wires to the battery and the light bulb, (first wire) one end goes to the battery and the other end is left aside, (second wire) one end goes to the battery and the other goes to the light bulb, (third wire) one end goes to a metal part next to the light bulb and the other end is left aside.

Battle of Champion Hill in the American Civil War

Battle of Champion Hill in the American Civil War   Battle of Champion Hill - Conflict Date: The Battle of Champion Hill was fought May 16, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant32,000 men Confederates Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton22,000 men Battle of Champion Hill - Background: In late 1862, Major General Ulysses S. Grant commenced efforts to capture the key Confederate fortress of Vicksburg, MS. Situated high on the bluffs above the Mississippi River, the town was critical to controlling the river below. After encountering numerous difficulties in approaching Vicksburg, Grant elected to move south through Louisiana and cross the river below the town. He was assisted in this plan by Rear Admiral David D. Porters flotilla of gunboats. On April 30, 1863, Grants Army of the Tennessee began moving across the Mississippi at Bruinsburg, MS. Brushing aside Confederate forces at Port Gibson, Grant drove inland. With Union troops to the south, the Confederate commander at Vicksburg, Lieutenant General John Pemberton, began organizing a defense outside of the city and calling for reinforcements from General Joseph E. Johnston. The majority of these were sent to Jackson, MS though their travel to the city was slowed by damage inflicted to the railroads by Colonel Benjamin Griersons cavalry raid in April. With Grant pushing northeast, Pemberton anticipated that  Union troops  would drive directly on Vicksburg and began withdrawing back towards the city. Able to keep the enemy off balance, Grant instead attacked towards  Jackson with the goal of  cutting the Southern Railroad which connected the two cities. Covering his left flank with the  Big Black River, Grant pressed ahead with Major General James B. McPhersons XVII Corps on the right and issued orders for it  to proceed through Raymond to strike the railroad at Bolton. To McPhersons left, Major General John McClernands XIII Corps was to sever the Southern at Edwards while Major General William T. Shermans XV Corps was to attack between Edwards and Bolton at Midway (Map). On May 12, McPherson defeated some of the reinforcements from Jackson at the Battle of Raymond. Two days later, Sherman drove Johnstons men from Jackson and captured the city.   Retreating, Johnston instructed Pemberton to attack Grants rear. Believing this plan to  be  too dangerous and that it risked leaving Vicksburg uncovered, he instead marched against Union supply trains moving between Grand Gulf  and Raymond.   Johnston reiterated his order on May 16 leading Pemberton to plan a countermarch northeast  towards Clinton.  Ã‚  Having cleared his rear, Grant turned west to deal with Pemberton and begin the drive against  Vicksburg.   This saw McPherson  advance in the north, McClernand in the south,  while Sherman, having completed operations at  Jackson, brought  up the rear. Battle of Champion Hill - Contact:   As Pemberton contemplated his orders on the morning of May 16, his army was strung out along the Ratliff Road from its intersection with the Jackson and Middle Roads south to where it crossed the Raymond Road.   This saw Major General Carter Stevensons division  at the northern end of the line, Brigadier General John S. Bowens in the middle, and Major General William Lorings in the south.   Early in the day, Confederate cavalry encountered Union pickets from Brigadier General A.J. Smiths division from McClernands XIII Corps near a roadblock Loring had  erected on the Raymond Road.   Learning of this, Pemberton instructed Loring to hold off the enemy while the army commenced its march towards Clinton (Map). Hearing the firing, Brigadier General Stephen D. Lee of Stevensons division, became concerned about a potential threat up the Jackson Road to the northeast.   Sending forward scouts, he deployed his brigade on nearby Champion Hill as a precaution.   Shortly  after assuming this position, Union forces were spotted advancing down the road.   These were  the men of Brigadier General Alvin P. Hoveys Division, XIII Corps.   Seeing the danger, Lee  informed Stevenson who dispatched Brigadier General Alfred Cummings brigade to  form on Lees right.   To the south,  Loring formed his  division behind Jackson Creek and turned back an initial attack by Smiths division.   This done, he assumed a stronger position on a ridge near the Coker House. Battle of Champion Hill - Ebb and Flow: Reaching the Champion House, Hovey spotted the Confederates on his front.   Sending forward the brigades of Brigadier General George McInnis and Colonel James Slack, his forces began engaging Stevensons division.   Slightly to the south, a third Union column, led by Brigadier General Peter Osterhaus XIII Corps division approached the field on the  Middle Road  but halted when it encountered a Confederate roadblock.   As Hoveys men prepared to attack, they were reinforced by Major General John A. Logans Division from XVII Corps.   Forming on Hoveys right, Logans men were moving into position when Grant arrived around 10:30 AM.   Ordering Hoveys men to attack, the two brigades began advancing.   Seeing that Stevensons left flank was in the air, Logan directed Brigadier General John D. Stevensons brigade to strike this area.   The Confederate position was saved as Stevenson rushed Brigadier General Seth Bartons men to the left.   Barely arriving in time, they succeed ed covering the Confederate flank (Map). Slamming into Stevensons lines, McInnis and Slacks men began push the Confederates back.   With situation deteriorating, Pemberton directed Bowen and Loring to bring up their divisions.   As time passed and no troops appeared, a concerned  Pemberton began riding south and rushed forward Colonel Francis Cockrell and Brigadier General Martin Greens brigades from Bowens Division.   Arriving on Stevensons right, they struck Hoveys men and began driving them back  over Champion Hill.   In a desperate situation, Hoveys men were saved by the arrival of Colonel George B. Boomers  brigade of  Brigadier General Marcellus Crockers division  which helped stabilize their line.   As the rest of Crockers division, the brigades of Colonels Samuel A. Holmes and John B. Sanborn, joined the fray, Hovey rallied his men and the combined force counterattacked. Battle of Champion Hill -  Victory Achieved: As the line in the north began to waver, Pemberton became increasingly irate at Lorings inaction.   Possessing a deep personal dislike of Pemberton, Loring had realigned his division but had done nothing to shift men toward the fighting.   Committing Logans men to fight, Grant began to overwhelm Stevensons position.   The Confederate right broke first and was followed by Lees men.   Storming forward, Union forces captured the entire 46th Alabama.   To further worsen Pembertons situation, Osterhaus renewed his advance on the Middle Road.   Livid, the Confederate commander rode off in search of Loring.   Encountering Brigadier General Abraham Bufords brigade, he rushed it forward. As he returned to his headquarters, Pemberton learned that Stevenson and Bowens lines had been shattered.   Seeing no alternative, he ordered a general retreat south to the Raymond Road and west to a bridge over Bakers Creek.   While beaten troops flowed southwest, Smiths artillery opened on Brigadier General Lloyd Tilghmans brigade which was still  blocking the Raymond Road.   In the exchange, the  Confederate commander was killed.   Retreating to  Raymond Road, Lorings men  attempted to follow Stevenson and Bowens divisions over the Bakers Creek Bridge.   They were prevented from doing  so by Union brigade that had crossed upstream and had turned south in an attempt to cut off the Confederate retreat.   As a result, Lorings Division moved south before circling around Grant to reach Jackson.   Fleeing the field, Stevenson and Bowens divisions made for defenses along the Big Black River. Battle of Champion Hill - Aftermath: The bloodiest engagement of the campaign to reach Vicksburg, the Battle of Champion Hill saw Grant suffer 410 killed, 1,844 wounded, and 187 missing/captured while Pemberton incurred 381 killed, 1,018 wounded, and 2,441 missing/captured.   A key moment in the  Vicksburg Campaign, the victory ensured that Pemberton and Johnston would not be able to unite.  Ã‚  Forced  to  begin falling back towards the city, Pemberton and Vicksburgs fate were essentially sealed.   Conversely, having been defeated, Pemberton  and Johnston failed to  isolate Grant in central  Mississippi, cut off his supply lines to the river, and win a key victory for the Confederacy.  Ã‚  In the wake of the battle, Grant was critical of McClernands inaction.  Ã‚  He firmly believed that had XIII Corps attacked with vigor, Pembertons army could have been destroyed and the  Siege of Vicksburg avoided.   After spending the night at Champion Hill,  Grant continued his pursuit the next day and w on another victory at the Battle of Big Black River  Bridge.    Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: Battle of Champion HillBattle of Champion HillCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Champion Hill

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

International Business - Assignment Example advantages and better marketing position where as many firms have failed in their international expansion efforts as they didn’t heed the basic tenets ingrained in the critical business environments. In today’s increasingly competitive and international free market economy contexts, transnational exchanging of technology, infrastructure and demographic movement have become increasingly important (Johnson and Turner, 2003, p. 1). The ultimate outcome of this growing importance of international business is that a customer, no matter whether he lives in Europe, Asia, Africa or Australia, will be familiar with a large number of world-class brands like Apple, Cadbury, Coca-cola, Dell, Ford, HP, Nestle, Nokia, Toyota and so on. The effect of globalization is that new brands are seemingly born global, For this research paper, Apple Inc- specifically its Smartphone sector- has been chosen to conduct detailed analysis on the literature related to the international business and organizational factors. This research paper presents an analysis on internal and external environment of the chosen organization- Apple Inc and examines its strategies for international marketing in terms of effectiveness and usefulness for its international operation. Apple inc, founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in the 1970s is one of the most internationally influential and highly successful companies of today. It is an American multinational company that designs, makes and markets PCs, portable music players, cell phones, software, computer peripheral and services. It markets through its own retailing, online stores and third party sellers (Sander and Slatter, 2009, p. 81, Linzmayer, 2004). Apple was the first mainstream marketer for personal computers and is still an important market player worldwide and it has become a niche player by setting the pace for ease of use, innovative design and customer loyalty. Apple’s story is that one off-hobby machines that a most

Research and Academic Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Research and Academic Skills - Essay Example If anyone is doing research on experiment learning within a practical subject i.e Hairdressing, you will look around, compare your initiative with others, compare your facilities, and so on. You might look at specialist, make promotions. In other words, before you bring anything you will collect verification and appraise it before making a final decision. Research is finding out what you don't already know. No one knows everything, but everybody knows something. However, to complicate matters, often what you know, or think you know, is incorrect. There are two basic purposes for research: to learn something, or to gather evidence. The first, to learn something, is for your own benefit. It is almost impossible for a human to stop learning. Research is organized learning, looking for specific things to add to your store of knowledge (Richard, 1996). There are three types of research, pure, original, and secondary. Each type has the goal of finding information and/or understanding something. The difference comes in the strategy employed in achieving the objective. Academic skills are all about helping you learn how to be a more effective learner and develop the research skills that will help you now and in the future (University of Southampton, 2009). The skills are most appropriately viewed as multivariate. In the popular literature, a multivariate view of skills is perhaps best encapsulated in Howard Gardner's (1993) writing about multiple intelligences. He defines seven intelligences: the linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences that are at such a premium in schools today; musical intelligence; spatial intelligence bodily-kinesthetic intelligence; and two forms of personal intelligence, one directed toward other persons, one directed toward oneself . Thus, academic Skills offer services for students who wish to develop their academic skills in any field. This service aims to help students develop independent learning strategies to maximize their academic performance. The Academic Skills usually run workshops and classes aimed at helping students develop their academic as well as practical skills. It supports the experiential learning to the students for their academic enhancement as well as career upliftment. The academic skills encourage critical thinking right from the start of the studies. It helps to build on the first skills-based assignment. The students tackle the task armed with guidelines, checklists and templates, and can consult the feedback. The academic skills will support to learn the required academic skills and are able to think critically about the issues (Bruton). c. Skills and Career: It is now commonly accepted that changes in work and the workplace are transforming the kinds of knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed for successful work performance. Evidence for new skill needs from employer surveys, for example, suggests that employers are often more concerned about soft skills or attitudes rather than technical knowledge or competencies. Empirical studies of work find that employers and workers also feel generic skills, such as problem solving, communication and the ability to work in teams, are increasingly important for workplace

Marketing of MonoSpace Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing of MonoSpace - Case Study Example Hatala is contemplating the following issues: Political: 90% of Kone's sales come from international markets. This makes it very vulnerable to political stability in its global markets for example Italy is one of the markets of Kone and elevator regulations are governed in Italy by parliament. Thus , to bring MonoSpace i.e. an elevator without a machine room in compliance with standards , it would require an act by the parliament. Economical: The performance of elevator industry is directly proportional to the performance of the construction industry. The construction industry has maximum potential in developing countries rather than the developed countries. The reason for this is that the developed countries have maximized their growth potential whereas the developing countries would require heavy spending on construction to build malls, offices and other infrastructure. Thus, the most economically feasible regions for Kone products would be the less developed Asian and Australian markets as compared to the developed European and EU markets. Social: It can be argued that the MonoSpace elevators are a hard sell since it requires a unanimous decision of people from different backgrounds for e.g. the owner might be affluent and influential wanting perfection in the looks and features of the elevator, the contractor would be worried about the cost benefit analysis and the property developer would be thinking about the cost saving versus the benefit of space saved. Technological: elevator market is a technologically driven market. However, technology that is being applied is at the back office rather than on the consumer side. The consumer is only impressed by the ride comfort and speed of the elevator. The customer i.e. the owner investor or the property developer, contractor etc would be interested in the performance (maintenance cost, Hazards involved), initial investment and the space that is being used by the elevator machine room. This space is rendered useless for the owner since the elevators are using it. The reason behind the margin erosion phenomena is that the features directly impacting the customer (the owner, contractor and property developer) are similar by all the various competitors and there is not much differentiation in the end product. Gearless Traction Gear traction Hydraulic 10% 30% 60% Commercial Buildings High rise Less than 6 floors Low rise Legislative: In France, Kone had received approval only for ten installations. It can be deduced from this that having a machine room less elevator is a benefit provided to the customers however, it has widespread concerns and ambiguities and customers as well as the various governments would like to test the new MonoSpace product first for reliability before letting it be installed all over their regions. Environmental: Unlike the hydraulic elevators, which use two hundred plus liters of oil,

Depression and suicide attempt

Depression and suicide attempt Suicide is the most destructive behavior of human. There are many risk factors that make people commit suicide. Some are biological that genetic and neurotransmitters may play a role in risk for suicide. Some are clinical that mental disorders, particularly mood disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and certain personality disorders contribute to suicidal behaviors. Some are psychosocial that lack of social support and sense of isolation also increase the risk of suicide (Suicide Prevention Resource Center, n.d.). These factors are important to understand why people have suicidal behaviors. For example, the suicides in Hong Kong can be explained by clinical and psychosocial factors which range from psychiatric illness and a history of past suicide attempt to unemployment and the absence of social support (Shuiyuan et al., 2006). Among different risk factors, major depression is a significant one that it is both the strongest risk factors for attempted suicide in adults and yout hs. People suffered from depression are at a greater potential to attempt suicide. Lets define depression for the purposes of subsequent discussion. It is the most common mental disorder. Clinical depression is generally acknowledged to be more serious than just sadness or normal depressed feelings. It is characterized by a severely depressed mood that persists at least two weeks, with at least five defining features (Robert, James Susan, 1996). For example, people with depression may experience a lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of energy, etc. The depressed mood often leads to constant negative thinking and sometimes substance abuse. Extreme depression can culminate in its sufferers attempting or recurrent thoughts of death and committing suicide. The increased risk of suicide by depression is caused by its association with suicidal ideation. This depression-suicidal ideation link has been documented in research studies conducted with Asian adolescents. In a study of Korean high school students (Rebecca Vivien, 2006), depression was found to be the strongest and most consistent predictor of suicidal behaviors. Students who had high scores on depression were 5.31 times more likely to report suicidal ideas and 3.19 times more likely to attempt suicide, as compared to those with low scores. It shows that depressed people have a higher chance to think about suicide whether or not they intend to act on these thoughts. The risky people to commit suicide, however, are not those who are severely depressed because they often do not have the energy to harm themselves. It is when their depression lifts and they gain increased energy that they may be more likely to attempt suicide. Nevertheless, the link between depression and suicide attempt is not solely a direct causal relationship, but in fact, it is a complication of depressive illness in combination with other risk factors to trigger the suicide attempt. To begin with, stressful life events combined with depression may lead to suicide. Those stressful events often precede a suicide attempt. They may include death of a relative, breakup, loss of a job, etc. They are rarely a sufficient cause of suicide, but they often act as precipitating factors in young people (PreventionLane, .n.d.). On the other hand, sociodemographic factors are often associated with depression. The combination of them brings about suicide attempt. For example, females are strongly associated with depression that they are more predisposed to depression compared to males. Females are also strongly related to suicide attempt that they are more likely to attempt suicide than males that there are three female attempts for each male attempt (Chris, 2010). Intriguingly, it shows that gender, as a sociodemographic factor, has influences on depression and suicide attempt as well. In other words, it is the antecedent that triggers the happening of depression and suicide attempt. The effect of gender on depression and suicide attempt may stem from gender stereotypes and identity roles (Christina, 2004). There are different social expectations for males and females that females are encouraged to express their feelings while males are not, hence increase the chances of depression being triggered by social factors, such as loss of friends. So females are more likely to suffer from depression, which in turn, lead to subsequent suicide attempt. Besides gender, age also has a significant relationship with depression and suicide attempt. People in two age groups are more vulnerable to depression and suicide attempt which are adolescent and elderly respectively. Their risks of suicide are very high, especially the adolescent. Suicide of adolescent has become a global issue that they are now the group at highest risk in a third of countries, in both developed and developing countries (World Health Organization, n.d.). While in Hong Kong, the trend of adolescent suicide is on the rise in recent years with an average annual growth of 10%, while the first 8 months in 2010, youth suicide figures have been comparable with the 2009 full year figures. So far this year, there were 26 young people under 25 years old committed suicide cases and 30 cases of suicide attempt were rescued (The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong, 2010). For the suicide attempt of adolescents, depression is the major risk factor. There are a couple of reasons why adolescents develop depression. It can be family problem because they dont have a good relationship with the parents. It may be a reaction to a disturbing event, such as a breakup with a boyfriend or girlfriend or failure at school. There is also a personality predisposition to depression. Adolescents who have low self-esteem and feel little sense of control over negative events are particularly at risk to become depressed when they experience stressful events. There are some more sociodemographic characteristics that are potential risk factors for depression and suicidal attempt, such as marital status, sexual orientation and employment status. Divorced people, homosexuals and unemployed people are both found to be strongly linked to depression and suicide. These factors, combined with gender and age are crucial to understand the problem of suicide deeply and find out the kind of people who are vulnerable to suicide attempt From another perspective, comorbid disorders in depression are also associated with suicide attempt. In one study investigating comorbid disorder in depression (James et al., 2010), specific comorbid anxiety, personality, and substance use disorders are found to be strongly associated with suicide attempt. For anxiety disorder, it is panic disorder comorbidity in depression to have a threefold increase of suicide attempt when compared to depression without panic disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder is another comorbidity that associated with suicide attempt. Moreover, personality disorder comorbidity in depression also highlights the risk of suicide attempt. Borderline avoidant, paranoid, and schizoid personality disorders comorbid with depression are all associated with higher rates of suicide attempt. Especially borderline personality disorder, it increased the odds of suicide attempt by seven times. Among the comorbid disorders in depression, substance use disorders are worthy for further discussion because it is the most common comorbidity in depression. People turn to drugs to help them feel better when they feel depressed and overwhelmed with life. It is a way of self-medicating which can lead to substance abuse. The chemical balance in the brain of the people will be affected by substance abuse, intensifying feelings of depression and sadness (Suicide Awareness Voices of Education. n.d.). It will wind up as a vicious circle that substance abuse leads to increasingly severe depression. The depressed mood contributes to suicidal thoughts and suicidal attempt. Therefore, substance abuse disorder comorbidity in depression is indeed a high risk factor for suicide attempt. After depressed people resort to substance abuse, their odds of suicide attempt will increase over time because they will become more depressed. Last but not the least, a history of past suicidal ideation and previous suicide attempts are also strong risk factors for suicide attempts. They are one of the most consistently identified risk factors for future suicide attempts in depression (Sokero et al., 2005). A male attempted suicide in the past is more than thirty times more likely to complete suicide, while a female with a past attempt has about three times the risk (PreventionLane, .n.d.). The combination of depression and other risk factors contribute to suicide attempt. Some sociodemographic factors such as gender and age is significant in the development of depression, which in turn, prompt the onset of suicide attempt. Comorbid disorders in depression also increases the risk of suicide attempt. These factors will be helpful to identify the people who are at risk of suicide attempt and more importantly, provide an insight of specific measures of suicide prevention and intervention for the depressed people in the long term.

Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas Produced

Chemistry 12 Formal Report Measuring Reaction Rate using Volume of Gas Produced By John Doe 23th October 2012 Introduction An essential element of chemistry is finding reaction rates. This is because chemists need to know how long a reaction should take. In addition to needing to know the rate of a reaction at any point in time to monitor how the reaction is proceeding. Many factors effect reaction rates, two shown above include temperature and concentration. Concentration affects the rate of reactions because the more concentrated a solution the more likely collisions between particles will be.This is simply because there are more particles present to collide with each other. When the temperature is higher, particles will have more energy. This means that more reactions will happen for two reasons, firstly more particles will come into contact with each other because they are moving around more and secondly because the reactions occur at higher speed making it more likely to succeed . A few other factors are the surface area and if a catalyst is present. The larger the surface area the more collisions will occur because there are more places for molecules to react with each other.A catalyst affects the rate of reaction not by increasing the number of collisions, but by making more of the collisions that do occur successful. Ordinary household bleach is an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO, this contains little more than 5% NaClO by mass. Bleaching is caused by the ion. Under normal circumstances this ion breaks down slowly giving off oxygen gas and the chloride ion, . In order to speed up this reaction a catalyst is needed. In this experiment the catalyst used was cobalt (II) nitrate solution.When this is added to the bleach a black precipitate of cobalt (III) nitrate is formed which acts as a catalyst for the decomposition of The purpose of this experiment was to determine how concentration of reactants and temperature affect the rate of the react ion between bleach and 0. 01M cobalt (II) nitrate solution. In this experiment the volume of gas produced shows the rate of the reaction. Procedure Figure 1 Firstly, all safety protocols were ensured and applied (lab apron and safety goggles). The apparatus was set up with reference to figure 1 above.Then, the eudiometer was filled with water and inverted into the trough, which was half filled with water. It was held in a vertical position with the burette clamp attached to the stand. The rubber tubing was joined to the top of the glass tube, which goes through the stopper on the flask. The other end of the tubing was then placed into the neck of the eudiometer. 15mL of bleach solution was measured into the 25mL-graduated cylinder and poured into the Erlenmeyer flask. As followed, 5mL of 0. 10M of cobalt (II) nitrate solution was measured and poured into the 10mL-graduated cylinder.Once ready, the cobalt nitrate solution was poured into the flask containing the bleach solution, and the rubber stopper was immediately slotted in. It was then mixed and stirred as well as recorded (time). It was noted that a black precipitate of cobalt (III) oxide was forming, and from then on the flask was stirred gently and constantly. This was significant to dislodge bubbles of oxygen from the surface of the Co2O3 catalyst. Another thing that was important to note was that if the swirling was stopped or reduced, the rate decreases, so therefore the amount of swirling must be kept steady and uniform throughout the runs.The total volume of oxygen that had been collected was recorded every 30 seconds until a volume of 50mL was obtained. Also, the actual elapsed time of when the 50mL mark was reached was recorded. Once the first run was successful, the following needed to be repeated the same way: the same amount of solutions must be measured into the same containers, and the procedure of applying them needed to be the same too (time recorded, measurements, temperature, etc. ). The only thing that was different in the next run was that the reactants had to be at a temperature of 10? C above room temperature before mixed.This was accomplished by placing both the flask with bleach and the graduated cylinder with the cobalt (II) nitrate in a water bath for 10 minutes, and then adding the cobalt (II) nitrate to the flask, then back into the water bath. Hot water was used to increase the temperature, and cold water was used to adjust it. The next run was a similar idea to the previous one, but the reactants were brought down to a temperature 10? C below room temperature using ice. The steps to doing this are similar to the previous ones, but only this one required an addition of 20mL of water to the bleach solution before mixing.The reason being is so that the overall concentrations are half of their original vales. The run that followed after was also identical, but instead of adding 20mL, 60mL was added. Now the overall concentrations after mixing were one quart er of their original values. The experiment was practically over, but there always had to be cleaning and instructed disposal of chemicals. The product(s) was/were instructed to be disposed in the designated container only for the waste solution. Finally, all the parties that participated in the experiment were obliged to wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory.Analysis and Results The rate of production of oxygen for each reaction was slightly different. The rate of reaction is determined by the equation; For the control where the reaction to place at room temperature and with bleach with a concentration of 0. 529M, the rate of production of oxygen was 36. 1 mL/minute. In next reaction which took place at a temperature 10? higher than that had a rate of 39. 5 mL/minute. Next was the reaction which took place at 10? below room temperature which resulted in a rate of 26. 8 mL/minute.In the reaction that 20 mL of distilled water was added to the b leach solution and the temperature was kept constant, the reaction rate dropped to 16. 2 mL/minute. Finally the slowest reaction occurred when 60 mL of distilled water was added to the bleach causing a rate of 10. 8 mL/minute. The rate value changes as the temperature is changed. When the temperature increases by 10? , the rate of the reaction increases by a factor of 0. 12 (12%). This is again changed when the temperature is changed to 10? below room temperature. This results in a rate of production of oxygen, which is decreased by a factor of 0. 5 (25%). When the concentrations were changed so did the rate of reaction. When the concentration was changed to 0. 265M the rate of reaction dropped by a factor of 0. 5 (50%) below the control value. Furthermore when 60mL of water was added to the bleach dropping the concentration too 0. 132M the rate dropped by a factor of 0. 7 (70%). Bleach should never be mixed with any acid based cleaners because it results in the formation of toxic C l- gas. If bleach is mixed with an acid based cleaner in a small room it will result in a toxic build up of chlorine gas, which can be fatal to anyone spending time in the room.The equations for these reactions are shown below; Bleach is formed by the action of chlorine gas on sodium hydroxide, NaOH: The equation below represents the reaction of bleach with an acid based cleaner, which gives off chlorine gas Because of this reaction all acid based cleaners have warnings not to be mixed with bleach because it can result in injury or death. If bleach with 10% sodium hypochlorite was used for this experiment instead of bleach with 5. 25% sodium hypochlorite.The shape of the rate curve for the graph would likely be twice as steep as the graph for the reaction involving bleach with a concentration of 5. 25% sodium hypochlorite. This is because the reaction will finish faster due a concentration that is higher by a factor of two. In this experiment there were possibilities for errors, the main one would be caused by measuring the volume of air at certain times. The reason for this being an error is that at 30 seconds more air will have been produced than is bing measure this is because some oxygen is in the Erlenmeyer flask but still rising to the point at which it is measured.Also some oxygen is held back because of a kink in the rubber tubing. To improve this experiment I would use a better way of measuring the volume of oxygen produced, either by measuring the air pressure in a container attached to the flask where the reaction was taking place or by using a large tube with a piston inside that would slide along the inside of it showing how much oxygen is evolved during the reaction. Conclusion From the experiment that was carried out it can be concluded that both temperature and concentration effect reaction rates.The lower the temperature the slower the reaction rate, therefore the higher the temperature the faster the reaction takes place. Likewise the lower t he concentration of a solution the slower the reaction and the higher the concentration the faster the reaction is completed. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas Produced. † Experiment 11C. N. p. : SMG Lab, n. d. N. pag. Rpt. in Experiment 11C. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. 154-58. Print. [ 2 ]. DiGiuseppe, et al. Reaction Rates. N. p. : Nelson, 2012. Print. Nelson Education.

The Vandals

‘Answers to question on prose fiction should address relevantly the central concern(s)/theme(s) of the text and be supported by reference to appropriate techniques of prose fiction such as: Characterisation, setting, key incident(s), narrative technique, symbolism, structure, climax, plot, atmosphere, dialogue, imagery. Choose a novel or short story with a central character you consider to be heroic, Show how the heroic qualities are revealed and discuss how this portrayal of the character enhances your understanding of the text as a whole.ANSWER: Many complaints recently have revolved around the strong targeting the weak. In Alan Bolds short story ‘The Vandals’ we hear the story of Gordon Miller. A retired Civil Servant whom is a quiet gentle man. He could have been considered heroic when he stood up to a ground of youths – The Vandals of the story. Bold uses numerous techniques such as setting, imagery and foreshadowing to highlight Gordon Millers transiti on from hero to villain. The Vandals by Alan Bold is set in a small fictional Scottish town called Marshend.Gordon Miller moves into a small cottage here looking for peace and quiet. This is soon disrupted by a local group of youths who call him names and vandalise his property. After trying to confront these youths to reason with them he soon realises that he is trying to reason with people who know no limits, he soon takes things into his own hands. In the opening of the story Bold refers to the Roman invasion of Marshend and to the Roman General Agricola. However the Roman’s failed to completely conquer Marshend.From the beginning of the story Bold juxtaposes Miller against the Romans. Bold does this by giving the imagery of Miller being the Inhabitants of Marshend and the vandals being the Roman army. First Miller tries to reason with the vandals, however after multiple reoccurring attacks on his house Miller declares what would be classed as war on the vandals. Through n umerous applications of word choice Bold manages to foreshadow the fact that Gordon Miller may not be as calm and tolerable person as he seems to be. ‘Gordon Miller decided he would keep calm’This is after the first attack on his home. By having to decide to stay calm this shows that it is almost like he is forcing himself to do so and this is doubting that he isn’t as calm a person as he seems. In the village the others formed an opinion on Gordon Millers ‘mental stability’ from this it was reflected back to him to make an opinion on himself. This tells the reader that apart from what we have read Gordon Miller may act very differently as well. Bold seems to keep Gordon Miller personality close to his chest revealing only what he has too.It triggers a reaction in the readers mind wondering as to why the other villagers have been commenting on his mental stability. It also would make Miller question his actions, if he has been acting a certain way an d villagers were starting to question and talk about his actions then it would possibly make him take notice and try to change the way he acts around others. Nearing the end of the story Bold uses a lot of imagery linked in with Gordon Miller and the theme of the Romans.When the vandals come back for the last time Bold describes Miller as standing at the ‘summit of the hill, on the top terrace. ’ This is similar to the idea of the Roman General waiting and observing his territory. Gordon Miller is standing and observing the youths and his home before he launches his attack on the youths. This is the turning point in the story where Bold twists Gordon Miller from being symbolic of the villagers in Marshend under attack to being the Roman General who is waiting to start his attack.This shows Gordon Miller becoming heroic as he is standing up to the vandals who have been tormenting him. This gives us the understanding that certain people can only take so much stress and di sruption in their lives before they come to the end of their tether and retaliate. The last sentence in the story is an image of Miller sitting playing with a set of ‘Roman Soldiers’. This shows that Gordon Miller is a lot more complex than Bold let us believe. He likes order and stability in his life, he does not like change and disruptions.As he is playing with the Roman Soldier set this represents the order that he likes in his life. In conclusion revealing Gordon Millers personality slowly throughout the short story Bold uses a number of techniques such as pathos, setting, imagery and word choice. Through these we feel empathy towards Gordon Miller and understand why he proceeded taking the heroic actions that he did. This helps the reader not to dislike Miller for his actions but feel happy for him that he finally got justice on the vandals.Word Count: 755

Ionic Radius Definition and Trend

Ionic Radius Definition and Trend The ionic radius (plural: ionic radii) is the measure of an atoms ion in a crystal lattice. It is half the distance between two ions that are barely touching each other. Since the boundary of the electron shell of an atom is somewhat fuzzy, the ions are often treated as though they were solid spheres fixed in a lattice. The ionic radius may be larger or smaller than the atomic radius (radius of a neutral atom of an element), depending on the electric charge of the ion. Cations are typically smaller than neutral atoms because an electron is removed and the remaining electrons are more tightly drawn in toward the nucleus. An anion has an additional electron, which increases the size of the electron cloud and may make the ionic radius larger than the atomic radius. Values for ionic radius are difficult to obtain and tend to depend on the method used to measure the size of the ion. A typical value for an ionic radius would be from 30 picometers (pm, and equivalent to 0.3 Angstroms Å) to 200 pm (2 Å). Ionic radius may be measured ​using x-ray crystallography or similar techniques. Ionic Radius Trend in the Periodic Table Ionic radius and atomic radius follow the same trends in the periodic table: As you move from top to bottom down an element group (column) ionic radius increases. This is because a new electron shell is added as you move down the periodic table. This increases the overall size of the atom.As you move from left to right across an element period (row) the ionic radius decreases. Even though the size of the atomic nucleus increases with larger atomic numbers moving across a period, the ionic and atomic radius decreases. This is because the effective positive force of the nucleus also increases, drawing in the electrons more tightly. The trend is particularly obvious with the metals, which form cations. These atoms lose their outermost electron, sometimes resulting in the loss of an entire electron shell. The ionic radius of transition metals in a period does not, however, change very much from one atom to the next near the beginning of a series. Variations in Ionic Radius Neither the atomic radius nor the ionic radius of an atom is a fixed value. The configuration or stacking of atoms and ions affects the distance between their nuclei. The electron shells of atoms can overlap each other and do so by different distances, depending on the circumstances. The just barely touching atomic radius is sometimes called the van der Waals radius since the weak attraction from van der Waals forces governs the distance between the atoms. This is the type of radius commonly reported for noble gas atoms. When metals are covalently bonded to each other in a lattice, the atomic radius may be called the covalent radius or the metallic radius. The distance between nonmetallic elements may also be termed the covalent radius. When you read a chart of ionic radius or atomic radius values, youre most likely seeing a mixture of metallic radii, covalent radii, and van der Waals radii. For the most part, the tiny differences in the measured values shouldnt be a concern. Whats important is understanding the difference between atomic and ionic radius, the trends in the periodic table, and the reason for the trends.

How does Tennessee Williams use dramatic techniques to devel essays

How does Tennessee Williams use dramatic techniques to devel essays Cat on a hot tin roof is a play about the convention in society, which tries to dictate the lives of people. Consequently, Tennessee Williams imminently introduces the audience to the subject of mendacity and its malignancy. This is not only shown on a familial level, but on a personal one too (e.g. the affects of Bricks relationship with Skipper). Instantaneously, it seems the family are a rich landed gentility with strong Southern values: ... feed those precious little things with an oilcloth cover... Ohhh nooo! On Big Daddys birthday? Ostensibly, the Pollits are the embodiment of the American dream (health, wealth and happiness). However, in the overcharged circumstances of the plays familial crisis, many truths are revealed: the desperate fear of death, hidden guilt, isolation, the inability to face the truth and materialism. The latter is most notably symbolised by the many no-neck monsters Mae and Gooper have produced. Due to this, Williams inevitably exposes the hidden tru th (i.e. the Pollits are merely examples of a failed American Dream). Aristotles three classical unities (time, place, action notable in the text before Act II and III: There is no lapse of time and plastic theatre help to intensify the drama. Historically, the Pollits in Southern America, an area that once dominated America both financially and politically. However, after the defeat to the North many factors, including the financial wealth and slave trade of the district, had decreased rapidly. The financial power had swung to the North, who notably have many businessmen and lawyers who posses lateral thinking, this is symbolised by Goopers profession. The defeat was a complete embarrassment to the Southerners and they had been stigmatised to a certain extent. Thus, the strong &ap...

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Report - Essay Example That the educated third world people are the target consumers for use of laptops. Finally, I would like to thank you for giving me the opportunity to write this report. It gave me the chance to familiarize myself with the third world countries application of laptops, their buying powers and the benefits of Apple Inc. for production of low cost laptops for use in third world countries. Regards Name Table of content Executive summary Report Plan 1. Recipient of the Report 2. Identify the Topic of the Report 3. Identify the Purpose of the Report 4. Identify Potential Resources that will be needed for Support 5. Identify Methods to be used to Gather Information 6. Identify Criteria to be used to evaluate the Information Collected 7. Findings 8. Conclusion 9. Recommendations 10. References 11. Appendices Executive summary This report was commission by the COE of Apple Inc. together with his executive team to seek recommendations for the production of low cost laptops to be used in the wor ld countries and the collected funds to be used in the awareness of American masses on obesity health implications. This report provides an analysis and an evaluation of the prospective production of the low cost laptops by Apple Inc. and the health focus. The methods used for the collection of information include the use of questionnaires and surveys to identify the feasibility of this project. The research draws attention to the fact that there is an extensive use of laptops in the third world counties from education to working class. Low cost laptops will be a viable project in the third world countries as they have a low buying power considering the high current costs of laptops which are mostly priced at over $1000. Further investigation reveal that the money collected from the sale of the low cost laptops will be highly effective in the creation of obesity awareness in America. The report concludes that laptops are highly needed in the third world countries especially in the e ducation sector and the corporate world. Communication and the use of internet will have a high impact on the application of low cost laptops in the third world countries. It is recommended: That Apple should adopt the project of producing low cost laptops in the third world countries. That Apple should conduct a survey to identify the programs which are effectively suitable for the application of laptops. That educators in third world countries should partner with Apple to offer suitable learning experiences for the intended users. Report Plan 1. Recipient of the Report The recipient of the report will be the top management including the CEO of Apple, Inc. the plan will be presented to all those officials who have some role to play in decision making matters. 2. Identify the Topic of the Report The topic of the report will be ‘Recommendation for Production of Low Cost Laptops and Healthcare Focus’. The report will be based on two recommendations for the company. First recommendation will be to manufacture low cost laptops in order to increase the market share of the company in third-world countries. Second recommendation will be to put some efforts for reducing obesity in America, which is one of the most critical health problems and can only be dealt by creating awareness among people

The Harlem Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Harlem Renaissance - Essay Example The Renaissance is considered to have started in 1919 and existed until the mid or early 1930s.The influence of the Renaissance was felt on a scale larger than the United States as it is credited with having impacted on black writers from colonies in the Caribbean and Africa, that were French-speaking and living in Paris. The ideas and beliefs of the movement lived on for a long time after the movement ceased to exist. Majorities of African-Americans who were enslaved and lived in the agrarian south of the United States up to the end of the Civil War. After the civil war, the slaves were free to move and do as they pleased. The African-Americans started striving for political equality, participation in civic positions and self-determination in cultural and economic fields. Black congressional representatives made speeches that addressed the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 and reprimanded the bill. This necessitated the Civil Rights Act of 1875. However, Democrat whites had regained power in the south leaving the African-Americans without representation in the congress. This allowed them to draft and pass bills that disenfranchised many poor whites and most Negros establishing white supremacist regimes (Ushistory.org, 2013). There was denial of the African-American political and civil rights through terrorizing attacks from lynch mobs and vigilante groups. A convict labor system also forced thousands of African-Americans into unpaid labor on plantations and in mines was reminiscent of slavery. Only a small number purchased land after the civil war. The African-Americans started migrating to the industrially emerging north from the agrarian south that had become increasingly difficult. However, the reception in the north was not a walk in paradise. Northerners were prejudiced against the African-Americans though the legal systems in the states were not as imposing on their rights as the south. White laborers complained of the flooding of the employment market by the Afr ican-Americans and lowering of wages. The â€Å"Negroes† segregated in urban slums by practice (Rau 7). Among these slums was Harlem. The neighborhood was a design for white workers who needed to commute to the city. Nevertheless, the project was overambitious, as the transportation could not cater for the populace. The district abandoned by whites, was sold, and rented to black real estate agents and tenants. The push of blacks from the city’s metropolitan area saw them move to the neighborhood en masse. The brightest black intellectuals, entrepreneurs, and advocates positioned themselves in Harlem bringing institutions, businesses, and a wide range of talents and ambitions with them. The neighborhood became â€Å"the Black Mecca† (Herringshaw 26). A large number of African-Americans joined the neighborhood during the First World War. The activities of the war created a deficit and demand for industrial labor while ceasing the migration of laborers from Europea n countries. This caused the Great Migration of thousands of African –Americans in the city and into the neighborhood of Harlem. After the war, African-American soldiers from units like the Harlem Hellfighters returned to a nation with citizens who had no respect for their accomplishments due to the virulent White Racism (Ushistory.org, 2013). The Renaissance started developing in the late 1910s. The â€Å"Three Plays for a Negro Theatre†